Masters Theses

Utilization of eight antenatal care contacts among adolescent and adult women at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kisumu, Kenya

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Utilization of eight antenatal care contacts among adolescent and adult women at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kisumu, Kenya KERE, Reuben Nyongesa Early antenatal care booking and compliance with eight antenatal care contacts improve positive pregnancy experiences and outcomes. In 2022, Kenya adopted the World Health Organization recommendation for eight antenatal care contacts. According to the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2022, 29% of women booked early for antenatal care, but only 4% completed all eight antenatal care contacts. Although the new model offers clear benefits, maintaining adherence remains difficult, as both adolescent and adult women encounter significant barriers to initiating early and completing the eight contacts. Factors influencing the timely initiation and frequency of the eight antenatal care contacts were investigated among adolescent and adult women at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kisumu, Kenya. A comparative cross-sectional analytical study was conducted, and the theoretical framework was guided by Andersen and Newman’s Behavioural Model for Health Services Utilization. The conceptual framework was constructed using variables from the literature review and the World Health Organization’s 2016 recommendations for antenatal care. All women admitted to the maternity department were used as the target population. Stratified random sampling was used to recruit 73 adolescent and 219 adult women in a 1:3 ratio, resulting in a sample of 292 women, calculated using a formula for two proportions. Data was collected using a questionnaire and the antenatal booklet. Informed consent and data confidentiality were ensured. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26. Descriptive statistics were used for predisposing, enabling, and need factors. The Mann-Whitney U test and the chi-square test were used to compare the timing of the first antenatal care contact and the frequency of recommended antenatal care contacts between adolescent and adult women. To identify associated factors, multivariable logistic regression was used. The median and mean ages for adolescent women were 18.0 and 17.82 ± 1.14 years, respectively, and for adult women, 29.0 and 27.69 ± 4.68 years, respectively. Adult women had higher rates of marriage, urban residence, health insurance coverage, and autonomy in antenatal care decision making than adolescent women (p<0.05). Both adult and adolescent women booked antenatal care late, with a median of 18.00 weeks IQR 10-22 compared with 20.00 weeks IQR 12-24 (p = .02). Both adult and adolescent women had fewer than eight antenatal care contacts, with a median of 5 (IQR 3-6.5), compared to 4 (IQR 3-5.5) (p = .04). Only 10.5% of adult women completed eight antenatal care contacts compared with 8.2% of adolescent women. Early antenatal care booking was influenced by receiving antenatal care information from healthcare providers (AOR = 1.96; 95% CI [ 1.06, 3.71], p = .036). Women with high-risk pregnancies (AOR = 2.33, 95% CI [1.47, 3.91], p = .005) had more antenatal care contacts than those with low- or moderate-risk pregnancies. This study highlights a major challenge in achieving early antenatal care booking and completing eight antenatal contacts among adolescent and adult women. To improve antenatal care attendance at JOOTRH, we recommend expanding access to services for adolescent and adult women to address widespread late bookings. Building on the positive influence of healthcare provider education and countering misinformation from informal networks, providers should actively participate in community outreach programs. The facility should also establish routine tracking systems and arrange follow-ups by community health workers to sustain engagement and prevent high dropout rates. Finally, Women with low- or moderate-risk pregnancies should be encouraged to complete all eight scheduled contacts for preventive care, even if they have no active physical symptoms. Masters Thesis

Characteristics, Outcomes and experiences of pregnant women with cardiac disease at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kisumu, Kenya

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Characteristics, Outcomes and experiences of pregnant women with cardiac disease at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kisumu, Kenya OTADOH, Caren Millicent Omoro Cardiac disease in pregnancy is a cause of indirect maternal morbidity and death worldwide. It places an excessive burden on low- and middle-income regions. In Western Kenya, there is a high prevalence of clinically significant heart lesions. However, many women remain undiagnosed until decompensation occurs. At JOOTRH, a lack of integrated regional data on disease burden, sociodemographic profiles, and patients' lived experiences hinders the development of evidence-based cardio-obstetric protocols. The broad objective of this study was to investigate the characteristics, outcomes, and lived experiences of pregnant women with cardiac disease managed at JOOTRH between 2022 and 2026. Specifically, the study aimed to describe the sociodemographic and clinical profiles and determine maternal, cardiac, and neonatal outcomes. Concurrently, the study explored the biological, psychological, and social experiences of these patients. The research adopted a convergent parallel mixed-methods design to understand the disease burden. A retrospective, analytical cross-sectional review of 27 patient files was conducted. The files had been identified through census sampling. Simultaneously, a cross-sectional phenomenological design was used, comprising nine indepth interviews selected through purposive sampling. Quantitative data comprising patients' characteristics (sociodemographic factors, obstetric history, and clinical features) and outcomes (cardiac, obstetric, and foetal) were extracted using a pre-tested data abstraction form and analysed in R. Fisher's exact tests were used to assess bivariate associations between categorical clinical markers and binary materno-foetal outcomes. Firth’s penalised logistic regression was employed for multivariable analysis to calculate stable, adjusted odds ratios despite small-sample data separation. The quantitative analysis revealed rheumatic heart disease as the main cause of morbidity. The composite cardio-obstetric Major Adverse Cardiovascular Event rate was 63.0%, driven predominantly by heart failure and pulmonary oedema, with a maternal mortality rate of 14.8%. Bivariate and multivariable analyses identified New York Heart Association functional class III/IV at entry as the sole significant adjusted predictor of MACE. Qualitative data were managed using NVivo. The narratives contextualised the results by describing biological experiences, including “diagnostic odysseys”, symptom normalisation, and traumatic peripartum crises. The Psychological Experiences included fear of death, ambivalence about pregnancy termination, and maladaptive coping strategies. The Socio-Structural Experience included stigma, financial stress, and institutional failures. The study determined that poor outcomes are not solely attributable to the biological severity of cardiac lesions but result from cumulative failures in systemic recognition and access to health services. It is recommended that JOOTRH develop and institutionalise cardio-obstetric protocols and establish a Pregnancy Heart Team. Additionally, early first-trimester NYHA functional status screening, shared decision-making, and a maternal health financial subsidy should be implemented to reduce barriers to specialist care. Masters Thesis

Variation in length, position and blood supply of the vermiform appendix: a cadaveric study among black Tanzanian population

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Variation in length, position and blood supply of the vermiform appendix: a cadaveric study among black Tanzanian population ABELY, Zacheus G. The vermiform appendix is a tubular structure attached to the cecum and demonstrates anatomical variation in length, position, and arterial supply. Such variation is relevant to the diagnosis and surgical management of appendicitis because an appendix located outside the usual retrocecal position or supplied by an atypical artery may alter anatomical expectations during clinical examination and appendectomy (Patra et al., 2024). Despite studies from other populations, limited multi-institutional cadaveric evidence describes these variations among Black Tanzanians. This study determined variations in the length, position, and origin of the blood supply of the vermiform appendix among Black Tanzanian cadavers and examined their association with sex. A descriptive cross-sectional cadaveric study was conducted using 99 cadavers selected from a population of 133 cadavers available in five medical universities in Dar es Salaam. Sample size was determined using Yamane's formula at a 5% margin of error and distributed proportionally across the five institutions. Data were collected through systematic dissection, direct measurement of appendix length, classification of anatomical position, and identification of the origin of the appendicular artery. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, an independent-samples t-test for length, and chi-square analysis for categorical associations, with statistical significance set at p ≤ .05. Appendix length ranged from 2 to 15 cm, with a mean of 7.15 cm among males and 8.24 cm among females; the difference was statistically significant (t (97) = -2.96, p = .004). Retrocecal position was most common (58.6%), and appendix position was significantly associated with sex after rare positions were collapsed for inferential analysis (χ² (1) = 21.41, p < .001). The appendicular artery originated from the ileocolic artery in 70.7% of cases and from the mesenteric artery in 29.3%; this distribution was not significantly associated with sex (χ² (1) = 0.50, p = .478). The findings demonstrate substantial anatomical variation within the studied Black Tanzanian population and provide local cadaveric evidence relevant to anatomical education and surgical awareness Masters Thesis

Reproductive outcomes among infertile female patients who have undergone myomectomy at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital (Jootrh), Kisumu, Kenya

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 GMT

Reproductive outcomes among infertile female patients who have undergone myomectomy at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital (Jootrh), Kisumu, Kenya ONYANGO, Christine Atolo Uterine fibroids are a common cause of infertility in sub-Saharan Africa, where assisted reproductive technology is largely unavailable and myomectomy is often the main fertility-directed treatment. Local evidence on reproductive outcomes after myomectomy in Kenya is limited. This study assessed reproductive outcomes and associated factors within two years of myomectomy among women with infertility at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital (JOOTRH). It described reproductive outcomes within two years of surgery, identified patient-related factors associated with conception, assessed the association between fibroid characteristics, selected intraoperative factors and conception, and estimated the time to confirmed pregnancy. A single-arm retrospective cohort design was used. Records of women who underwent myomectomy between January 2019 and January 2024 were reviewed, and follow-up interviews were conducted to ascertain outcomes. Of 250 records screened, 184 women were eligible and 168 (91.3%) completed follow-up. Data were analysed with IBM SPSS version 26.0 using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, logistic regression, Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression. Within two years, 54/168 (32.1%) women conceived; the cumulative probability of conception at 24 months was 35.0%. Of the 54 pregnancies, 34 (63.0%) ended in live birth and 15 (27.8%) in miscarriage. The median time to conception among women who conceived was 14.0 months (IQR 9.25–17.75). Previous uterine surgery was associated with lower odds of conception (AOR 0.47, 95% CI 0.23–0.94) and slower conception (aHR 0.50, 95% CI 0.27–0.93). Larger fibroid diameter was associated with lower odds of conception (AOR 0.85 per cm, 95% CI 0.72–0.997), although this estimate was imprecise. The largest proportion of participants, 75/168 (44.6%), were aged 35 years or older, and 129/168 (76.8%) had secondary infertility. About one-third of women conceive within two years of myomectomy, and previous uterine surgery is associated with lower and slower conception. These findings support realistic counselling, complete pre-operative fertility evaluation and structured follow-up for women undergoing myomectomy Masters Thesis

Efficacyof Rameny radio’s ngimadhano programme in promoting the uptake of contraceptives among the women of Cham gi Wadu division in Migori county, Kenya

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT

Efficacyof Rameny radio’s ngimadhano programme in promoting the uptake of contraceptives among the women of Cham gi Wadu division in Migori county, Kenya OBUYA, James Omondi The main objective of this study was to investigate the use of community radio in the promotion of contraceptive uptake in Cham Gi Wadu Division within Migori County. This was deemed as a representation of women in the rural areas of Rongo Sub-County. Community radio being a traditional mass media, has been used in behavior change campaigns to address unmet need among women in this division. Statistics indicate that most women in this division were still reluctant to have children or want to delay having a child or limit the number of children to bear while at the same time not using any modern family planning method. This study, therefore, sought to establish the efficacy of Radio Rameny‘s Ngima Dhano programme on the uptake of contraceptives among women of Cham Gi Wadu Division in Rongo Sub-County. The objectives of the study were to establish the efficacy of Ngima Dhano Community radio programme in creating awareness, on changing attitude and on acceptability of contraceptives among women in Cham Gi Wadu Division. Agenda-Setting theory by McCombs and Shaw (1972) and Knowledge, Attitude and Practices model which originated from Learning Theory (Bandura, 1796) and Diffusion of Innovation theory by Roger, (1995) informed the study. This study employed mixed method research design. Simple random sampling technique was employed to pick a sample size of 400 respondents that was arrived at using Yamane Sampling Formula (1967). Content Analysis was conducted targeting six recorded aired programmes between May-October, 2023. Purposive sampling technique was used to pick two Key Informant Interviews. The study adopted various tools, such as questionnaires, interview schedules, and coding scheme as data collection tools. Quantitative data preferred tool of analysis was descriptive statistics, while qualitative data adopted content analysis. Results presentation was in tables, graphs and textual formats, while qualitative data was presented using narratives and quotes. The study targeted reproductive health communication, formulation of policies on family planning by Government and Non-Governmental Organizations. The study indicated that community radio broadcasts have immense outcome on the uptake of contraceptives and its benefits. From the study, the Ngima Dhano programme imparted high knowledge and awareness to both listeners and the community at large. There was also an overwhelming positive attitude towards contraceptive uptake, leading to increased acceptance of contraceptives. This was attributed to through addressing biased information through programme content and listenership participation. Masters Thesis

Assessment of the effects of water quality parameters on zooplankton distribution, diversity, and abundance in water pans of semi-arid Narok, Kenya

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT

Assessment of the effects of water quality parameters on zooplankton distribution, diversity, and abundance in water pans of semi-arid Narok, Kenya ACHIENG, Dorine Were Freshwater pans in Kenya’s semi-arid regions play an important role in supporting domestic use, irrigation, livestock, and aquatic biodiversity. However, they are increasingly threatened by climate variations, eutrophication, sedimentation, and overexploitation, all of which affect water quality and biological productivity. Understanding the interactions between water quality and zooplankton population is essential for maintaining the ecological integrity of these systems. This study therefore aimed to (i) assess variations in physico-chemical parameters, (ii) determine variations in zooplankton distribution, diversity, and abundance, and (iii) evaluate the influence of water quality parameters on zooplankton diversity and abundance in selected water pans of Narok County, Kenya. Sampling was conducted twice monthly between February and July 2023 across 20 water pans. In situ measurements were taken for temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and electrical conductivity (EC), while nutrients (total nitrogen and total phosphorus) and chlorophyll-a were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. Zooplankton were identified and enumerated microscopically, and diversity indices were computed. Results showed that temperature ranged from 16.65–26.20 °C, DO from 0.40–9.55 mg/L, pH from 6.70–9.30, and EC from 79.83–761.85 µS/cm. Chlorophyll-a concentrations varied from 19.08–176.61 µg/L, total nitrogen from 393.00–2609.43 µg/L, and total phosphorus from 295.43–1331.14 µg/L. Zooplankton communities were dominated by Rotifera (48.9%), followed by Copepoda (25.8%), Cladocera (19.9%), and Ostracoda (5%). Diversity increased from February to June/July, with Shannon-Wiener Index rising from 1.76 to 1.96 and taxa richness from 14.21 ± 0.79 to 16.43 ± 0.67 (p = 0.043). Weak correlations between zooplankton abundance and most water quality parameters indicated that multiple interacting factors influence community composition. The study concluded that Narok water pans support diverse zooplankton under varying environmental conditions. Strengthening riparian vegetation, managing nutrient inflows, and regulating water abstraction are recommended to sustain ecosystem health and productivity. Master's Thesis

Post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors in patients with severe physical injuries at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga teaching and referral hospital, Kisumu, Kenya

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT

Post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors in patients with severe physical injuries at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga teaching and referral hospital, Kisumu, Kenya NAMUNYU, Michael Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychological condition that significantly impairs daily functioning and quality of life. It is brought about by exposure to traumatic experiences such as natural disasters, military warfare, sexual assault, or physical harm. Despite its high prevalence, PTSD is often underdiagnosed. Local information on how prevalent and associated attributes of this condition are deficient. The study aimed to assess how common post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is and to identify the factors linked to its occurrence among individuals with severe physical injuries at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital. The research employed a cross-sectional study design to examine the variables, collecting data from 143 patients with severe physical injuries who were undergoing follow-up in the surgical and orthopaedic outpatient clinics at JOOTRH over a two-month period. A standardized PTSD assessment tool was used to evaluate all the patients for probable PTSD. The collected data were processed and analysed using SPSS version 25 statistical software. Descriptive statistics were summarized in tables and charts, while for inferential analysis, chi-square statistics were used to assess categorical associations. Independent risk factors for PTSD were ascertained through multiple logistic regression analysis, with statistical significance defined as p < 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval. The study found a PTSD prevalence of 16.8% among individuals with severe physical injuries (n = 24). Statistically significant factors associated with PTSD included male gender (P=0.005, OR=0.27), being in employment (P=0.001, OR=0.178), urban residency (P=0.006, OR=0.27), low social support (P=0.000, OR=0.55), and being married (P=0.018, OR=0.19). These factors were associated with lower prevalence. However, prior physical injury (P = 0.00, OR = 9.38) and a familial predisposition to mental illness (p = 0.001, OR = 12.9) exhibited a markedly higher prevalence of PTSD. In conclusion, compared to similar studies conducted in tertiary institutions across the region, this study reported a notably higher prevalence of PTSD. Gender, occupational status, prior physical trauma, residential setting, social support level, marital status, and a family history of mental health disorders were all identified as important predictors of PTSD. Given the higher prevalence of PTSD found in this study, the external validity of these findings warrants confirmation through replication studies with adequate statistical power so as to generalise the findings throughout other institutions and the wider region. Targeted screening of patients with increased risk factors should be done, specifically those with a history of prior physical injuries and individuals with familial predisposition to psychiatric disorders. Master's Thesis

The use of e-procurement on performance of procurement functions of Uasin Gishu county government, Kenya

Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:00:00 GMT

The use of e-procurement on performance of procurement functions of Uasin Gishu county government, Kenya JEPKOSGEI, Imelda In recent years, Uasin Gishu County Government has faced persistent challenges in its procurement processes, including inflated procurement costs, delayed service delivery, limited transparency and procurement-related irregularities issues consistently highlighted in reports from the Office of the Auditor General. These inefficiencies, often stemming from the continued use of manual procurement systems, have prompted the county to adopt e-procurement as a strategic solution. E-procurement involves the use of digital technologies to streamline procurement activities such as tendering, requisitioning, communication with suppliers and contract management. The present study seeks to examine the use of e-procurement on performance of procurement functions of Uasin Gishu County Government, Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific objectives; to examine the use of e-informing on performance of procurement functions; to determine the use of e-auction on performance of procurement functions; to establish the use of e-contract management on performance of procurement functions and to investigate the use of e-requisition on performance of procurement functions. The study was anchored on dynamic capability theory. The study adopted a qualitative case study approach. The data collection methods were interviews and observations for primary data and documents review for secondary data. Purposive sampling was adopted when selecting participants. The participants were 12 procurement officers who comprised of director procurement, deputy director and ten heads of procurement officers of various departments of Uasin Gishu County Government. Validity and trustworthiness of the study was handled by credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability (Interviews, observations and document reviews). Thematic data analysis technique was used to analyze data. The analyzed data was presented in narratives and direct quotes. The study findings indicated that that e-procurement has a positive influence on the performance of procurement functions in county governments. E-procurement streamlines and automates various procurement processes, such as vendor registration, bid solicitation, bid evaluation, contract management and invoice processing. Based on the findings, the study recommends full adoption and continuous upgrading of e-procurement systems to improve efficiency, reduce corruption and strengthen service delivery. The results are significant for county governments, policymakers and procurement professionals seeking to optimize procurement functions and they contribute to policy development, institutional reform and future research in public sector procurement. Master's Project

Effectiveness of permanet® dual on malaria vector control in a Pyrethroid resistant population of mosquitoes in western Kenya

Tue, 11 Nov 2025 00:00:00 GMT

Effectiveness of permanet® dual on malaria vector control in a Pyrethroid resistant population of mosquitoes in western Kenya OGUTU, Nashon Ang’ienda Malaria affected 263 million people and resulted to 597000 deaths globally. In Kenya 5.5 million malaria cases were reported in 2023. Malaria cases and deaths globally have decreased through long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). However, intensive use of these strategies has led to a rise in resistance, which necessitated development and trials of new generation LLINs (nLLINs). New generation LLINs are products impregnated with a pyrethroid and another insecticide to enhance their efficacy against pyrethroid resistant malaria transmitting mosquitoes. However, there are gaps in knowledge regarding effectiveness of nLLINs on vectors resistant to pyrethroids. Specific objectives of the work were to evaluate phenotypic resistance on malaria vectors between nLLINs and pyrethroid only nets; to determine the difference in blood feeding inhibition (BFI) of malaria vectors between nLLINs and untreated nets, and to determine the difference in mortality of malaria vectors between nLLINs and untreated nets in western Kenya. This was an experimental huts study with seven arms, where each study hut was weekly allocated different treatments of the nLLINs, namely permanet 3.0 (PN 3.0), permanet dual (PD), interceptor G2 (IG2), as unwashed and after 20X washes, together with an untreated Polyester net (UN X0). The huts were randomly allocated sleepers daily. Mosquito samples were collected from the huts every morning from 6:30 AM to 8:30 AM, to aid in efficacy assessment of the study treatments against wild malaria vectors. Data analysis for phenotypic resistance was calculated as mortality proportions and analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. Data on blood feeding inhibition and mortality were analyzed utilizing ANOVA and Tukey (HSD) test. The study detected phenotypic resistance of 66.7% with An. gambiae and 88.9% with An. funestus, against pyrethroids as well as significant association between phenotypic resistance and net types among mosquito species; An. gambiae X2 =7.1875, p – value 0.03; An. funestus X2 = 11.875, p = 0.003. ANOVA test for BFI and mortality produced p-values of 0.000 and 0.001<0.05 respectively. Significant differences in blood feeding inhibition were noted between UN X0 vs PD 20X , PN 3.0 0X, PN 3.0 20X, IG2 20X, all with adjusted p. values of less than 0.05. PN 3.0 0X vs IG2 0X and PD 0X (adjusted p. values <0.05) and PN 3.0 20X vs IG2 0X and PD 0X (all with p values <0.05). On mortality, UN 0X vs IG2 20X, PD 0X and PD 20X, with adjusted p-values of 0.008, 0.005 and 0.002, respectively, which were statistically significant. Overall, the study confirmed existence of significantly different phenotypic resistance between nLLINs relative to the conventional interventions, thus affirming the importance of nLLINs as probable substitutes in the fight against pyrethroid resistance. PN3.0 was found to be the better product based on its significantly better BFI performance. PD proved to be the best product on mosquito mortality and was the promising intervention for future consideration in that regard. Altogether, PD was found to be effective against the An. funestus mosquitoes, due to its outstanding mortality results. There is need for continuous monitoring of insecticide resistance situation in regions facing pyrethroid resistance to keep abreast and properly manage the resistance from an informed opinion. Altogether, use of nLLINs is an effective intervention against insecticide resistance. Master's Thesis

Histological patterns of prostate specimens analyzed at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga teaching and referral Hospital

Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Histological patterns of prostate specimens analyzed at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga teaching and referral Hospital MUSUNGU, Vincent Sechere Prostate cancer is the fifth most prevalent cause of cancer-related death worldwide in men, accounting for an estimated 366,000 deaths and 6.3 million disability-adjusted life years. There is scarce information on prostate biology and histological characteristics of prostate tumors among men in western part of Kenya who are all exposed to factors that can alter the biology of prostate gland thus predisposing to prostate cancer variants that may be different from the conventional adenocarcinoma. Such scarcity of information could lead to assumptions that all prostate tumors are adenocarcinoma. While some prostate tumors are not aggressive, there are different types of prostate tumors and each prostate tumor type has unique clinical profile. Some prostate tumors have indolent course while others have aggressive course and therefore knowledge of tumor subtypes can help in clinical decision making based on patient profile. This purpose of the study was to investigate prostate histological patterns among patients whose prostate specimens were processed and reported at JOOTRH between 2017 and 2022 with a focus on improving prostate cancer diagnosis and histology reporting. The main objective was to determine histological patterns of prostate specimens at JOOTRH between 2017 and 2022. The specific objectives were to: find out the histomorphology of prostate specimens as reported at JOOTRH, to correlate the patient age and PSA level at the time of prostate specimen collection at JOOTRH and to determine the common prostate tumor type reported in men whose prostate specimens were analyzed at JOOTRH. This was a laboratory based cross sectional study design carried out in pathology laboratory at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital (JOOTRH) in Kisumu city. The target population in this study constituted prostate specimens which had PSA level, analyzed and reported at JOOTRH between 2017 and 2022. The study was carried out between December 2022 and February 2023. Using Yamane formula, the sample size was determined to be 80. Random sampling was used. A sampling frame consisted of pathology register of the histopathological reports of the prostate specimens analyzed at JOOTRH. Each name in the register was assigned serial numbers. All the numbers were fed in a computer program (randomizer application) to randomly sample 80 names. Data extraction form was used. The extraction form consisted of age of the patient, clinical notes (PSA and Age), macroscopic examination, microscopic examination of the prostate tissues and conclusion. Descriptive and inferential statistics was done by the SPSS version 29 for windows. The frequencies were tabulated in percentages, tables and graphs. Inferential statistics utilized chi-square, ANOVA, independent t test, one sample chi-square and linear regression. P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was statistically significant variation (p 0.001) in prostate specimen color as reported in prostate histology at JOOTRH. The researcher could not demonstrate that the prostate specimen surfaces occur with equal changes (p<0.05, X2=23.275, df=2, 95% CI). The results reveal that there is no statistically significant difference in the prostate biopsy sizes in comparison to the mean (p=0.984, t=0.020, 95% CI). Prostate histology reports were divided into four groups based on the age of the patient (Group 1: 40–49 years, Group 2: 50–59 years, Group 3: 60–79 years, and Group 4: above 80 years). The ANOVA results suggest that the microscopic features of the groups did not differ significantly (F2, 34 = 1.469, p = 0.244, 95% CI). There is a statistically significant positive correlation between Gleason scores and PSA levels (p = 0.004, r = 0.474). The Pearson correlation between age and PSA levels was found to have a statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.236, p = 0.035, 95% CI). Regarding the prostate tumor type, prostate adenocarcinoma was the predominant tumor type, accounting for all 100% of observed prostate cancer types. The tumor types reported were divided into four groups based on the age of the patient (Group 1: 40–49 years, Group 2: 50–59 years, Group 3: 60–79 years, and Group 4: above 80 years). The ANOVA results suggest that the types of prostate tumors in the groups did not differ significantly (F3,76 = 1.300, p = 0.28, 95% CI). Based on study results, the health workers should improve documentation of the prostate histology reporting to include core biopsies and gross morphological parameters like volume, description of cell details observed and Biopsies should be requested in cases where there is high likelihood of prostate cancer. Master's Thesis