Histology

Histomorphological effects of warburgia ugandensis methanolic extract on atherosclerotic lesions in Aortic tunica intima of newzealand rabbits upon Induction of atherosclerosis

Mon, 01 Jan 2024 00:00:00 GMT

Histomorphological effects of warburgia ugandensis methanolic extract on atherosclerotic lesions in Aortic tunica intima of newzealand rabbits upon Induction of atherosclerosis OYUGI, Spencer Opiyo Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of vascular disease worldwide. Its clinical manifestation includes ischemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease and ischemic stroke. It affects aortic tunica intima manifested by endothelial damage, oxidative stress, inflammation and finally formation of a plaque which eventually harden and narrows the arteries. Warburgia ugandensis a common indigenous plant in East and Central Africa that has been used in treatment of various illnesses and it has been noted to have potential anti-atherosclerotic properties such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant. There is scarcity of information and data in regards to histomorphological effects of W. Ugandensis on atherosclerotic lesions in aortic tunica intima. The current study therefore evaluated the histomorphological effects of Warburgia ugandensis on aortic tunica intima of New Zealand rabbits upon induction of atherosclerosis. Specifically, the study determined acute oral toxicity of W. ugandensis histoinhibitory effects and finally historestorative effects of W. ugandensis on atherosclerotic lesion. In this experimental study, 30 Male pure breed New Zealand rabbits (n=30) weighing 1.8-2kg aged 8-12 weeks sourced from University of Nairobi biology animal house were used as study models. The rabbits were divided into the following study groups: 12 for control ,6 for the experimental and 12 to determine acute oral toxicity. The experimental group was further divided into 2 sub-groups; 3 for histo-inhibitory group, 3 historestorative with W. ugandensis. Induction of atherosclerosis was done using high fat diet for 7 weeks, Later the rabbits were euthanized, tissues harvested and analyzed. One-way Analysis of Variance with post hoc Bonferroni test for continuous data was used to determine difference among and between groups. Flavonoids, Phyto-steroids, tannins, phenols, saponins, alkaloids and anthraquinones were present in methanolic extract while cardiac glycosides were absent. A dose of < 5000mg/kg of W. ugandensis did not have toxic effects. mean fraction of vehicle control significantly increased as compared to negative control group ((p=0.0001). The mean area fraction of histo-inhibitory and historestorative groups significantly reduced as compared to vehicle control group (0.49057,0.37335versus 0.52701). On histological findings; control group, there was a normal tunica intima, well distributed endothelial cells. Vehicle control group; had a fibro-atheroma. On histo-inhibitory groups; had a fatty streak while historestorative groups; had a pre-atheroma with lipid pools. The study concludes that flavonoids, tannins, phenols and Phyto-steroids are present in methanolic bark extract of W. ugandensis and are useful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory components. Safe dose of W. ugandensis in animal study is < 5000mg/kg. W. ugandensis has both histo-inhibitory and historestorative benefits on atherosclerosis. The research therefore, recommends that, quantitative and potency of phytochemical analysis should be carried out to determine the most active molecule in management of atherosclerosis. W. ugandensis bark extract, dose of <5000mg/kg is safe in management of atherosclerosis. Further studies to be conducted to ascertain the drug interactions and effects of W. ugandensis lipid profiles. Master's Thesis

Antiinflammatory effects of craterostigma plantagineum extracts on formalin induced inflammation and pain in male albino Rats rattus norvegicus

Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Antiinflammatory effects of craterostigma plantagineum extracts on formalin induced inflammation and pain in male albino Rats rattus norvegicus GICHUKI, Joseph Maina Pain is a symptom of many diseases that affect humanity while inflammation is a physiological mechanism for repair of tissues after injury. Craterostigma plantagineum hoscht has been used by herbalists for treating pain. However, its efficacy and adverse effects are not scientifically validated. The broad objective of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of qualitatively screened aqueous and organic extracts of C. plantagineum hoscht. Using modified resource formula. A total of 24 male albino rats aged 8-12 weeks and weighing 200-250 grams were used. Male rats were used to avoid data variability caused by estrous cycle. They were randomly assigned into 8 groups of 3 rats each. These included three aqueous extract treatment groups of different doses (25mg/Kgbwt, 50mg/Kgbwt and 100mg/Kgbwt), three ethanolic extract treatment groups of similar doses, 1 positive control group receiving 15mg/kg P.o. diclofenac, and a negative control group. Phytochemical analysis was carried out according to Harbone 1973 protocol. Pain and inflammation was induced by injecting 50microliter of 5% formalin into the sub plantar of hind left paw 60 minutes after administration of the herbal extract or positive control. The duration the rat spent lifting, flicking and licking the injected paw was observed in two phases and recorded. First phase was in the first 0-5 minutes while the second phase from 15th -30thminutes.Diameter of the paw was measured just before formalin injection and every 30 minutes for four hours using a digital Vernier calipers. Blood was drawn through intracardiac puncture and evaluated for AST and ALT levels at 28th day. Animals were euthanized using dose sufficient chloroform. Left hind paws were harvested and preserved in 10% formaldehyde. Fixed Tissues were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histology examination using Leica M205C stereomicroscope. Data was entered in MS Excel spread sheet and analyzed using SPSS v26.0. Statistical analysis was done using one way ANOVA and Scheffe's post hoc test at 5% significance level (𝛼 = 0.05. Qualitatively flavonoids, sterols, Saponins, tannins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, phenols and anthraquinones were detected. Both aqueous and ethanolic plant extracts did not demonstrate antinociceptive effects (p>0.05). Aqueous plant extract 100 mg/kgbwt, ethanol plant extract 25 mg/kgbwt, ethanol plant extract 50 mg/kgbwt and ethanol plant extract 100mg/kgbwt had potent paw antiedema effect (p<0.05) from 30th minute of inflammation induction. Both aqueous and ethanolic plant extracts did not show hepatotoxic effect (p>0.05). Aqueous plant extract 100 mg/kgbwt, ethanol plant extract 25 mg/kgbwt, ethanol plant extract 50 mg/kgbwt and ethanol plant extract 100mg/kgbwt had potent reduction of inflammatory cells (lymphocytes) (p<0.05) observed from paw tissue histology. Master's Thesis

Hepatoprotective activity of liv-52 on rifampicin and isoniazid induced liver toxicity in adult albino rats (rattus norvegicus)

Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Hepatoprotective activity of liv-52 on rifampicin and isoniazid induced liver toxicity in adult albino rats (rattus norvegicus) LWUNZA, Hans Libamila Liver toxicity refers to injury to the liver due to drugs, chemical or environmental toxins. Rifampicin (RIF) and Isoniazid (INH) are two main medicinal drugs used as first line regimen in the treatment of Tuberculosis. These drugs have shown to induce hepatotoxicity upon administration. Liv-52, a polyherbal formulation has been shown to have clinical use in the treatment of several liver disorders in the recent years. However, there is deficiency in data regarding the histological and morphological effect of Liv-52 and the accurate dose required to prevent liver toxicity arising from INH and RIF induced liver toxicity. The broad objective was to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of Liv-52 against of INH and RIF induced liver toxicity. The study was conducted at Zoology and Human Anatomy departments in Maseno University, Kisumu County, Kenya. Posttest-only experimental study design was adopted. Adult albino rats with an average weight of between 150g to 250g were used in the study. A total of 24 rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups each group containing 6 rats. The Albino rats were fed on normal rat pellets and water ad libitum. A negative control group with no intervention, an experimental group of; INH 50mg/kgbwt and RIF 50mg/kgbwt (positive control); INH 50mg/kgbwt, RIF 50mg/kgbwt and Liv-52 155mg/kgbwt(LD Liv-52); INH 50mg/kgbwt, RIF 50mg/kgbwt and Liv-52 207mg/kgbwt (HD Liv-52) orally daily. A 21 days, the albino rats were sacrificed humanely, liver harvested and weighed. Blood samples were taken from each group for estimation of liver serum biomarkers. Thereafter, the livers were processed and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin for histological examination. Excel sheet was used to enter data which was later analyzed through SPPS version 25. One-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni was used to compare the data obtained from experimental and control groups. Histomorphological data was described based on liver sections observed microscopically. Significance levels was P value less or equal to 0.05 (p≤ 0.05). The results was presented in images, tables, and figures. There was a significant (p value < 0.0001) decrease in gross morphometric measurements of the weight, length, width, thickness in positive at control compared to hepatoprotective groups. In the hepatoprotective group, there was a significant (p≤0.0001) increase in mean final body weight in HD Liv-52(207mg/kgbwt) and slight increase in LD Liv-52(155mg/kgbwt) groups at 236.31±.63 and 208.33±.83 respectively compared to 184.78±.78 in positive control(RIIH 50kg/kgbwt) group. Additionally, the mean liver weight in HD Liv-52 group was significantly (p≤0.0001) higher at 11.40±.21 compared to 9.197±.26 in positive control group. The means of the liver gross morphometric measures were observed to be increasing in both LD Liv-52 (155mg/kgbwt) and HD Liv-52 (207mg/kgbwt) hepatoprotective groups as compared to positive control (RIIH 50kg/kgbwt) group. That is length of 50.82±.23, width of 41.86±.23 and thickness of 0.39±.01 in LD Liv-52 and length of 54.25±.24, width of 44.68±17 and thickness of 0.50±.00 in HD Liv-52. The liver sections in positive control group showed deranged histomorphological features, partially deranged histomorphological features were observed in low dose Liv-52 at 155mg/kg/bwt group while those in high dose Liv-52 at 207mg/bwt showed normal histomorphological features. After administration of Liv-52, the three selected liver biochemical parameters (ALT, AST and ALP) were above their normal ranges. In conclusion, the gross morphometric and histomorphological changes on the liver among adult albino rats indicates that Liv-52 was able to prevent liver injury caused by rifampicin and isoniazid, therefore, its recommended that its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics be evaluated for use in human patients on Rifampicin and Isoniazid treatment. Master's Thesis

Restorative effects of azadirachta indica on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in wister albino rats

Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Restorative effects of azadirachta indica on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in wister albino rats ULUMA, Edwin Wanjala Cisplatin is a cytotoxic drug commonly used worldwide in the treatment of cancer. Despite its effectiveness, studies have shown that it can cause nephrotoxicity in 20-30% of the population that use it, as a result, its administration is restricted. Few studies have been done to elucidate the restorative effects of Azadirachta indica in human patients experiencing nephrotoxicity secondary to cisplatin usage. In addition, there is paucity of data on the restorative effects of azadirachta indica on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity. The broad objective of this study was to determine the restorative effects of azadirachta indica on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in Wister albino rats. The specific objectives were to evaluate the histo- architectural and histo stereological restorative effect of azadirachta indica on cisplatin induce nephrotoxicity at varied dosage, to determine the gross histo-morphological changes on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity, to determine the restorative effect of azadirachta indica on cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity by assessing the renal biomarkers of acute kidney injury. The study used a posttest-only experimental design. Adult albino rats were bred under microbiologically controlled conditions for all the experiments and control groups. A modified human resource equation was used to determine the sample size, A total number of 25 adult Wister albino rats were selected randomly and used in the study. The 25 albino rats were randomly assigned into two main groups of 5 control and 20 experimental. The 20 experimental Wister albino rats were further assigned into four experimental subgroups of 5 each and received water, rats’ pellets ad libitum, Azadiracta indica and cisplatin according to the experimental design below. The control group was not administered with any drug, received only water and rat pellets ad libitum. The group one from the experimental were only administered with cisplatin 0.28mg/kg at the beginning of the experiment. Group two, three and four were administered with cisplatin 0.28mg/kg at day one followed by low dose of 3.33mg/kg, medium dose 5.0mg/kg and high dose 6.67ml/kg of Azadirachta indica respectively at day five of the experiment, all animals were humanely sacrificed on day thirteen. The kidney tissues were prepared, stained using H & E and examined under 100X magnification using BP Olympus microscope. The photomicrographs were taken, uploaded and stored on a flash disk, Data were entered into the excel sheet and were analyzed using the SPPS version 27. There was a significance (P< 0.0001) increase in Urea & creatinine levels of the experimental GP1, 2 and 4 as compared to the control. There was significant (P ≤ 0.001, 0.001 and 0.003 respectively) reduction in mean body weight of experimental GP1, 2, and 4. There was significant (P < 0.0001**) reduction in the mean length, width, volume, thickness and weight of the kidney for experimental group as correlated with the control group. The surface area of the glomerulus of experimental GP1, GP2 and GP4 had a significant (P <0.0001**) reduction. The medium dose of Azadiracta indica of 5mg/kg was able to restore cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity among the Wister albino rats. There was a significance increase in the surface area of the bowman’s capsule, glomerulus space and reduction in glomerulus in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity among the Wister albino rats. Master's Thesis

Radiological lumbar spine anatomical changes in chronic low back pain and its social impact in western Kenya

Sun, 01 Jan 2023 00:00:00 GMT

Radiological lumbar spine anatomical changes in chronic low back pain and its social impact in western Kenya IMADE, Stellah Papa Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is defined as pain that lasts for a period of twelve weeks or more and can develop later even after the associated cause of the acute low back pain has been managed and remarkably resolved. It is the commonest musculoskeletal complaint that most patients present with in the outpatient department accounting for 77-85% of the cases globally and the leading cause of disability with both adverse psychosocial and economic implications. Diagnostic techniques with low specificity in various health institutions have created many gaps in understanding the nature and anatomical structures implicated in chronic low back pain. Proper understanding of the anatomical structures associated with chronic low back pain can lead to early diagnosis and proper management of the condition. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish radiological lumbar spine anatomical changes in chronic low back pain of adult patients and its social impact at Kakamega County General and Referral Hospital which had the largest number of patients presenting with chronic low back pain. The study specifically ;(i) determined radiological changes in the lumbar spine of adults presenting with chronic low back pain, (ii) assessed the social impact of chronic low back pain in adult patients at Kakamega and (iii) determined the association between the severity of chronic low back pain with the socio demographic profiles of these patients. A target case group of patients with CLBP in the outpatient and emergency departments including those on follow up for pain management clinic was used with a sample size of 144 patients as per Yamane Taro formula. Purposive sampling of lumbar spine Magnetic resonance imaging scans was used to obtain data. Personal and societal impact of patients with chronic low back pain was assessed using Oswetry modified questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0. and descriptive data such as frequencies, mean, mode and median were presented into tables and graphs. It was established that females were more prone to chronic low back pain as compared to males. Patients with weight above 75kg were more likely to develop chronic low back pain. Osteophytes were the most pathological changes affecting both casual laborers, professionals and business people while fractures were the least common. Most of the social activities were affected with moderate pain. It can be concluded that osteophytic changes of vertebra, desiccation and spinal narrowing can predispose one to chronic low back pain. Pain impacts the emotional wellbeing and work productivity of an individual. Individuals weighing >75kg are more predisposed to lumbar spine changes that cause chronic low back pain. The study therefore recommends early screening and treatment to avert pain and weight reduction to lessen the mechanical damage on the lumbar column. Master's Thesis

Assessment of anti-proliferative activities of bioactive Phytochemicals from four selected medicinal plant extract’s against lung Adenocarcinoma cell line

Sun, 01 Jan 2017 00:00:00 GMT

Assessment of anti-proliferative activities of bioactive Phytochemicals from four selected medicinal plant extract’s against lung Adenocarcinoma cell line OMONDI, Tyrus Swaya