Integrated OMICS platforms identify LAIR1 genetic variants as novel predictors of cross-sectional and longitudinal susceptibility to severe malaria and all-cause mortality in …

Abstract

Background: Severe malarial anaemia (SMA) is a leading cause of childhood mortality in holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum regions. Methods: To gain an improved understanding of SMA pathogenesis, whole genome and transcriptome profiling was performed in Kenyan children (n=144, 3–36 months) with discrete non-SMA and SMA phenotypes. Leukocyte associated immunoglobulin like receptor 1 (LAIR1) emerged as a predictor of susceptibility to SMA (P b 1 ×10−2, OR: 0.44–1.37), andwas suppressed in severe disease (−1.69-fold, P=0.004). To extend these findings, the relationship between LAIR1 polymorphisms [rs6509867 (16231CNA); rs2287827 (18835GNA)] and clinical outcomes were investigated in individuals (n=1512, b5 years) at enrolment and during a 36-month longitudinal follow-up. Findings: Inheritance of the 16,231 recessive genotype (AA) increased susceptibility to SMA at enrolment (OR= 1.903, 95%CI: 1.252–2.891, P=0.003), and longitudinally (RR=1.527, 95%CI: 1.119–2.083, P=0.008). Carriage of the 18,835 GA genotype protected against SMA cross-sectionally (OR = 0.672, 95%CI: 0.480–0.9439, P = 0.020). Haplotype carriage (C16231A/G18835A) also altered cross-sectional susceptibility to SMA: CG (OR = 0.717, 95%CI: 0.527–0.9675, P = 0.034), CA (OR = 0.745, 95%CI: 0.536–1.036, P = 0.080), and AG (OR = 1.641, 95%CI: 1.160–2.321, P = 0.005). Longitudinally, CA carriage was protective against SMA (RR = 0.715, 95%CI: 0.554–0.923, P = 0.010), while AG carriage had an additive effect on enhanced SMA risk (RR = 1.283, 95%CI: 1.057–1.557, P = 0.011). Variants that protected against SMA had elevated LAIR1 transcripts, while those with enhanced risk had lower expression (P b 0.05). Inheritance of 18,835 GA reduced all-causemortality by 44.8% (HR=0.552, 95%CI: 0.329–0.925, P=0.024), while AG haplotype carriage increased susceptibility by 68% (HR = 1.680, 95%CI: 1.020–2.770, P=0.040). Interpretation: These findings suggest LAIR1 is important formodulating susceptibility toSMA and all-cause childhood mortality